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Yes Agerkvist F. A Time-Frequency Auditory Model Using Wavelet Packets presented at the 97th AES Convention, San Francisco 1994 November 3890 Yes Allamanche E., Geiger R., Herre J., Sporer T. MPEG-4 Low Delay Audio Coding Based on the AAC Codec presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4929 Yes Allen J. A Sgort History of Telephone Psychophysics presented at the 103rd AES Convention, New York 1997 September 4636 Yes Alphei H., P�schel D., Kohlrausch A. Temporal and Spectral Masking Effects of Harmonic Complex Tones presented at the 82nd AES Convention, London 1987 March 2458 Yes Babkina L., Dombrovsky R., Molchanov A. The Model of the Adaptive FIltering in the Peripheral Part of the Hearing System and Its Implementation presented at the 103rd AES Convention, New York 1997 September 4509 Yes Bank M. On the Algorithm of Audio Information Processing in the Human Auditory System and Compression Systems presented at the 101th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California 1996 November 4375 Yes Bank M., Taicher A., Karabelnik Y. An Objective Method for Sound Quality Estimation of Compression Systems presented at the 101th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California 1996 November 4373 Yes Baumgarte F. A Physiological Ear Model for Auditory Masking Applicable to Perceptual Coding presented at the 103rd AES Convention, New York 1997 September 4511 Yes Baumgarte F. Evaluation of a Physiological Ear Model Considering Masking Effects Relevant to Audio Coding presented at the 105th AES Convention, San Francisco, California 1998 September 4789 Yes Baumgarte F., Ferekidis C., Fuchs H. A Nonlinear Psychoacoustic Model Applied to the ISO MPEG Layer 3 Coder Presented at the 99th AES Convention 1995 October 4087 Yes Beerends J., Stemerdink J. Measuring the Quality of Audio Devices presented at the 90th AES Convention, Paris 1991 February 3070 Yes Beerends J., Stemerdink J. A Perceptual Audio Quality Measure Based on a Psychoacoustic Sound Pepresentation J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1992 40 December 12 963 978 Yes Beerends J., Stemerdink J. A Perceptual Speech-Quality Measure Based on a Psychoacoustic Sound Pepresentation J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1994 42 March 3 115 123 Yes Beerends J., van der Brink A., Rodger B. The Role of Informational Masking and Perceptual Streaming in the Measurement of Music Codec Quality presented at the 100th AES Convention, Copenhagen 1996 May 4176 Yes Benjamin E., Gannon B. Theoretical and Audible Effects of Jitter on Digital Audio Quality presented at the 105th AES Convention, San Francisco, California 1998 September 4826 Yes Blauert J., Jekosch U. Sound-Quality Evaluation - A Multi-Layered Problem Acustica 1997 83 747 753 Yes Brandenburg K. Evaluation of Quality for Audio Encoding at Low bit Rates presented at the 82nd AES Convention, London 1987 March 2433 Yes Brandenburg K., Bosi M. Overview of MPEG Audio: Current and Future Standards for Low-Bit-Rate Audio Coding J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1997 45 January/February 1/2 4 21 Yes Brandenburg K., Sporer T. "NMR" and "Masking Flag": Evaluation of Quality Using Perceptual Criteria Proceedings of the 11th International AES Conference, Portland, Oregon 1992 May 29-31 169 179 Yes Brock-Nannestad G. Traceability, Reproductiivity, Compatibility - Quality Control Elements in Audio Information Transfer presented at the 103rd AES Convention, New York 1997 September 4615 Yes Burkhard M., Genuit K. Merging Subjective and Objective Acoustical Measurements Proceedings of the 11th International AES Conference, Portland, Oregon 1992 May 29-31 105 113 Yes Cabot R. Measurements on Low Bit-Rate Coders Proceedings of the 11th International AES Conference, Portland, Oregon 1992 May 29-31 216 222 Yes Chalupper J. Aural Exciter and Loudness Maximizer: What's Psychoacoustic about "Psychoacoustic Processors?" presented at the 109th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California, USA 2000 September 5208 Yes Czyzewski A. Artificial Intelligence-Based Processing of Old Audio Recordings presented at the 97th AES Convention, San Francisco 1994 November 3885 Yes Czyzewski A., Krolikowski R. Noise Reduction in Audio Employing Auditory Masking Approach presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4930 Yes Czyzewski A., Krolikowski R. Noise Reduction in Audio Employing Auditory Masking Approach presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4930 Yes de Jaham S. Relevance of Measurements on Audio Codecs presented at the 104th AES Convention, Amsterdam 1998 May 4731 Yes Dennis I., Dunn J., Carson D. The Numerically-identical CD Mistery - A Study in Perception Versus Measurement Proceedings of the AES UK Conference: The Measure of Audio (MOA), London, UK 1997 April 28-29 52 72 Yes Doi T. On Bit Reduction of Digital Audio Systems presented at the 64th AES Convention, New York City 1979 November 1549 Yes Dolby R. The Spectral Recording Process presented at the 81st AES Convention, Los Angeles, California 1986 November 2413 Yes Durot X., Rault J. A New Noise Injection Model for Audio Compression Algorithms presented at the 101th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California 1996 November 4374 Yes Edler B., Faller C., Schuller G. Perceptual Audio Coding Using a Time-Varing Pre- and Post-Filter presented at the 109th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California, USA 2000 September 5274 Yes Edler B., Purnhagen H. Concepts for Hybrid Audio Coding Schemes Based on Parametric Techniques presented at the 105th AES Convention, San Francisco, California 1998 September 4808 Yes Erne M., Moschytz G. Perceptual and Near-Lossless Audio Coding Based on a Signal-Adaptive Wavelet Filterbank presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4934 Yes Fastl H. The Psychoacoustics of Sound-Quality Evaluation ACUSTICA - acta acustica 1997 83 754 764 Yes Feiten B. Spectral Properties of Audio SIgnals and Masking with Aspect to Bit Data Reduction presented at the 86th AES Convention, Hamburg 1989 March 2795 Yes Fielder L. Assessing the Low Level Sound Quality of Digital Audio Systems presented at the 79th AES Convention, New York 1985 October 2268 Yes Fielder L. Evaluation of the Audible Distortion and Noise Produced by Digital Audio Converters presented at the 82nd AES Convention, London 1987 March 2424 Yes Flanagan S., Moore B. The Influence of Loudspeaker Type on Timbre Perception presented at the 109th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California, USA 2000 September 5226 Yes Foti F. Aliasing Distortion in Digital Dynamics Processing, the Cause, Effect, and Method for Measuring It: The Story of"Digital Grunge!" presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4971 Yes Frindle P. Are We Measuring the Right Things? Artefact Audibility versus Measurement Proceedings of the AES UK Conference: The Measure of Audio (MOA), London, UK 1997 April 28-29 41 51 Yes Garcia R. Digital Watermarking of Audio Signals Using a Psychoacoustic Auditory Model and Spread Spectrum Theory presented at the 107th AES Convention, New York 1999 September 5073 Yes Gerzon M. Mathematics and Sound Perception J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1978 26 January/February 1/2 46 50 Yes Grewin C. Can Objective Methods Replace Subjective Assessments? Presented at the 99th AES Convention 1995 October 4067 Yes Grusec T., Lyman S. A Sensitive Method for the Subjective Evaluation of Audio Codecs Proceedings of the 11th International AES Conference, Portland, Oregon 1992 May 29-31 223 230 Yes Grusec T., Thibault L., Beaton R. Sensitive Methodologies for the Subjective Evaluation of High Quality Audio Coding Systems Proceedings of the AES UK DSP Conference, London, UK 1992 September 14-15 62 76 Yes Hawksford M. Transparent Differential Coding for High-Resolution Digital Audio presented at the 107th AES Convention, New York 1999 September 5037 Yes Herre J., Eberlein E., Schott H., Schmidmer C. Analysis Tool for Realtime Measurements Using Perceptual Criteria Proceedings of the 11th International AES Conference, Portland, Oregon 1992 May 29-31 180 190 Yes Herre J., Schug M. Analysis od Decompressed Audio - The "Inverse Decoder" presented at the 109th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California, USA 2000 September 5256 Yes Hollier M., Guard D., Hawksford M. Algorithms for Assessing the Subjectivity of Perceptually Weighted Audible Errors presented at the 97th AES Convention, San Francisco 1994 November 3879 Yes Hollier M., Rimell A. An Experimental Investrigation into Multi-Modal Synchronisation Sensitivity for Perceptual Model presented at the 105th AES Convention, San Francisco, California 1998 September 4790 Yes Jeong H., Ih J. Implementation of a New Algorithm Using the STFT with Variable Frequency Resolution for the Time-Frequency Auditory Model J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1999 47 April 4 240 251 Yes Johnson K., Pflaumer M. Compatible Resolution Enhancement in Digital Audio Systems presented at the 101th AES Convention, Los Angeles, California 1996 November 4392 Yes Joseph S., Maher R. Subjective Evaluation of Four Low-Complexity Audio Coding Schemes J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1995 97 June 6 3657 3662 Yes Kapust R. A Human Ear Related Objective Measurement Technique Yields Audible Error and Error Margin Proceedings of the 11th International AES Conference, Portland, Oregon 1992 May 29-31 191 201 No Karjaleinen M. A New Auditory Model for the Evaluation of Sound Quality of Audio Systems Proc. of the ICASSP 1985 608 611 Yes Keyhl M., Schmidmer C., Sporer T., Peterson R. Quality Assurance Tests of MPEG Encoders for a Digital Broadcasting System (Part II) - Minimizing Subjective Test Efforts by Perceptual Measurements presented at the 104th AES Convention, Amsterdam 1998 May 4753 Yes Kohlrausch A., Alphei H., P�schel D. Perceptrual Differences for Harmonic Complex Signals Related to Dispersion in the Inner Ear presented at the 82nd AES Convention, London 1987 March 2459 Yes Ko...

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Yes Affel H., Chesnut R., Mills R. Auditory Perspective - Transmission Lines Electrical Engineering 1934 January 28 216 Yes Allard L., Rossi M., Zufferey M. Assessment of the Pertinence of Perceived Attributes for Listening Tests presented at the 108th AES Convention, Paris, France 2000 February 5089 Yes Allison R., Villchur E. The Audibility of Doppler Distortion in Loudspeakers presented at the 70th AES Convention, New York 1981 October/November 1844 Yes Arato-Borsi E., Poth T., Furjes A. New Reference Listening Room for Two-Channel and Multichannel Stereophonic presented at the 104th AES Convention, Amsterdam 1998 May 4732 Yes Bao Z. A New Idea of Comprehensive Rating of Sound Quality in Auditoriums presented at the 84th AES Convention, Paris 1988 March 2636 Yes Bao Z. A Tentative Study of the Fuzzy Feature of the Sound Quality Perception presented at the 84th AES Convention, Paris 1988 March 2640 Yes Barlow D. Loudspeaker Coloration. Eliminating Unwanted Sources of Resonances Wireless World 1978 March 34 37 Yes Baxandall P. Audible Amplifier Distortion is not a Mystery Wireless World 1997 November 63 66 Yes Bech S. Perception of Reproduced Sound: Audibility of Individual Reflections in a Complete Sound Field, III presented at the 100th AES Convention, Copenhagen 1996 May 4195 Yes Bedell E., Kerney I. Auditory Perspective - System Adaptation Electrical Engineering 1934 January 216 219 Yes Benjamin E. Characteristics of Musical Signals presented at the 97th AES Convention, San Francisco 1994 November 3914 Yes Ben-Tzur D., Colloms M. The Effect of MaxxBass Psychoacoustic Bass Enhancement on Loudspeaker Design Presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 8-11 4892(F3) Yes Bilsen F., Kievits I. The Minimum Integration Time of the Auditory System presented at the 86th AES Convention, Hamburg 1989 March 2746 Yes Bodden M. Insrumentation for Sound Quality Evaluation ACUSTICA - acta acustica 1997 83 775 783 Yes Boer M., Nijmeijer A., Schurer H., Druyvesteyn W., Slump C., Herrmann O. Audibility of Nonlinear Distortion in Loudspeakers presented at the 104th AES Convention, Amsterdam 1998 May 4718 Yes Bradley J., Soulodre G., Norcross S. Factors Influencing the Perception of Bass ASA Meeting Spring 97 1997 4aAA6 Yes Bragg W. Combination Tones in Sound J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1939 11 Pt. 1 July 1 5 9 Yes Buck M. Perceptual Attributes of Supraliminal Low Frequency Sound and Infrasound presented at the 66th AES Convention, Los Angeles 1980 May 1663 Yes B�cklein R. The Audibility of Frequency Response Irregularities J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1981 29 March 3 126 131 Yes Buff P. Perceived Audio. Noise & Distortion (Now You Hear It!...Now You Don't!) R-e 84 95 Yes Carlile S. The Human Hearing Process: Some Non-Linearities in Auditory Processing Proceedings of the AES UK DSP Conference, London, UK 1992 September 14-15 37 44 Yes Clark D. High-Resolution Subjective Testing Using a Double-Blind Comparator J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1982 30 May 5 330 338 Yes Daniel P., Weber R. Psychoacoustical Roughness: Implementation of an Optimized Model ACUSTICA - acta acustica 1997 83 113 123 Yes Daniels D. The Futility of Quantifying Subjective Audio Measurements presented at the 101st AES Convention, Los Angeles 1996 November 4379 Yes Everest F. Instruction in Critical Listening presented at the 72nd AES Convention, Anaheim, California 1982 October 1890 Yes Fielder L. Dynamic Range Requirement for Subjective Noise Free Reproductionof Music presented at the 69th AES Convention, Los Angeles 1981 May 1772 Yes Fincham L. The Subjective Importance of Uniform Group Delay at Low Frequncies presented at the 74th AES Convention, New York 1983 October 2056 Yes Flanagan S., Harris N. Loudness: A Study of the Subjective Difference between DML and Conventional Loudspeakers presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4872 Yes Flanagan S., Taylor V. Investigation into the Relationship between Subjective Loudness and Auditory Distance Perception presented at the 107th AES Convention, New York 1999 September 5049 Yes Fletcher H. Auditory Perspective - Basic Requirements Electrical Engineering 1934 January 9 11 Yes Fry D. The Singer and the Auditorium J. Sound and Vibration 1980 69 1 139 142 Yes Gabrielsson A., Lindstr�m B. Perceived Sound Quality of High Fidelity Loudspeakers presented at the 74th AES Convention, New York 1983 October 2010 Yes Gerzon M. Mathematics and Sound Perception J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1978 26 1/2 46 50 Yes Gibian G., Clements D., Williams H., Harnden E. Perception of Synthesized Timbres: Approximation to Selected Targets presented at the 83rd AES Convention, New York 1987 October 2488 Yes Greiner R., Melton D. Observation on the Audibility of Acoustic Polarity presented at the 91st AES Convention, New York 1991 October 3170 Yes Greiner R., Melton D. Observation on the Audibility of Acoustic Polarity J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1994 42 April 4 245 253 Yes Grewin C. Can Objective Methods Replace Subjective Assessments? presented at the 99th AES Convention, New York 1995 October 4067 Yes Grewin C., Bergman S., Kejving O. A Listening Test System for Evaluation of Audio Equipment presented at the 80th AES Convention, Montreux, Switzerland 1986 March 2335 Yes Griesinger D. The Psychoacoustics of Apparent Source Width, Spaciousness and Envelopment in Performance Spaces ACUSTICA - acta acustica 1997 83 721 731 Yes Guski R. Psychological Methods for Evaluating Sound Quality and Assessing Acoustic Information ACUSTICA - acta acustica 1997 83 765 774 Yes Hoehne R., Roy A., Schroth G. Comparing Investigations on Perceptibility of Soundfield Differences presented at the 99th AES Convention, New York 1995 October 4110 Yes Hsu P., Hsu T. Statistical Analysis of Double-Blind Tests for Multiple Audiences presented at the 83rd AES Convention, New York 1987 October 2515 Yes Jason M. A Real-World Implementation of Current Theory in Loudspeaker Subjective Evaluation presented at the 90th AES Convention, Paris 1991 February 3048 Yes Jason M. Design Considerations for Loudspeaker Preference Experiments presented at the 91st AES Convention, New York 1991 October 3175 Yes Jason M. Design Considerations for Loudspeaker Preference Experiments J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1992 40 December 12 979 996 Yes Johnsen C. Proof of an Absolute Polarity presented at the 91st AES Convention, New York 1991 October 3169 Yes Jones B. Subjective Quality Assessment Methods -- The Old International Standards Are Changing presented at the 83rd AES Convention, New York 1987 October 2551 Yes Kaczmarek M., Szmal C., Tomczyk R. Influence of the Sound Effects on the Sound Quality presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4902 Yes Keulen W. Possible Mechanism for Explaining Monaural Phase Effects of Complex Tones presented at the 90th AES Convention, Paris 1991 February 3065 Yes Keyhl M., Schmidmer C., Wachter H. A Combined Measurement Tool for the Objective, Perceptual based Evaluation of Compressed Speech and Audio Signals presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4931 Yes Kin M. Perception of Amplitude Modulation in Harmonic Complexes presented at the 100th AES Convention, Copenhagen 1996 May 4151 Yes Kin M., Renowski J. Central and Peripheral Masking and their Relation with Perception of Amplitude Modulation presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4869 Yes Klippel W. Multidimentional RelationshipBetween Subjective Listening Impression and Objective Loudspeaker Parameters ACUSTICA - acta acustica 1990 70 45 54 Yes Klippel W. Assessing the Subjectively Perceived Loudspeaker Quality on the Basis of Objective Parameters presented at the 88th AES Convention, Montreux 1990 March 2929 Yes Kraak W. Individual Risk of Hearing Damage Caused by Noise presented at the 86th AES Convention, Hamburg 1989 March 2794 Yes Kristoffersen R., Kleiner M., V�stfj�ll D. Subjectively Perceived Sound Quality in Audio Systems as a Function of Distribution and Number of Loudspeakers Used in Playback presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4876 Yes Lawrence M. Physiological and Psychological Acoustics J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1958 30 May 5 394 396 Yes Lee J., Green D. Detection of a Mistuned Component in a Harmonic Complex J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1994 96 Pt. 1 August 2 716 725 Yes Lin H. Measurement of Audio Distortion with Relation between Harmonic Distortion and Human Auditory Sensation IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1986 IM-35 June 2 195 200 Yes Lipshitz S., Pocock M., Vanderkooy J. Preliminary Results on the Audibility of Midrange Phase Distortion in Audio Systems presented at the 67th AES Convention, New York 1980 October/November 1714 Yes Lipshitz S., Vanderkooy J. The Great Debate: Subjective Evaluation J. Audio Eng. Soc. 1981 29 July/August 7/8 482 491 Yes Minnaar P., Christensen F., M�ller H., Olesen S., Plogsties J. Audibility of All-Pass Components in Binaural Synthesis presented at the 106th AES Convention, Munich, Germany 1999 May 4911 Yes Moe C. An Experimental Study of Subjective Tones Produced within the Human Ear J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1942 13 October 159 166 Yes Moir J. 'Just Detectable' Distortion Levels. Attemps to Arrive at a Practical Criterion for Assessing Audio Equipment Wireless World 1981 87 February 1541 32 Yes M�ller H. Listening Rooms for Test of Loudspeakers Perception of Reproduced Sound 1987 125 134 Yes Moulton D. Subjective Measurements of Loudspeakers by Listening ALMA, Winter Symposium, Las Vegas, NV 1999 January Yes Mourjopoulos J., Tsoukalas D. Neural Network Mapping to Subjective Spectra of Music Sounds presented at the 90th AES Convention, Paris 1991 February 3064 Yes Newman E., Stevens S., Davis H. Factors in the Production of Aural Harmonics and Combination Tones J. Acous...

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Directory $1$DIA0:[STANDARDS.AESSC.SC_04.SC_04_03.SC_04_03_C] 0_DIRECTORY.TXT;199 0 9-OCT-2000 08:13:58.03 ARCHIVE.TXT;199 14 9-OCT-2000 08:13:57.63 MEMBERS.TXT;233 4 9-OCT-2000 08:13:49.10

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Directory $1$DIA0:[STANDARDS.AESSC.SC_04.SC_04_03.SC_04_03_B] 0_DIRECTORY.TXT;347 0 9-OCT-2000 08:13:43.41 ARCHIVE.TXT;434 237 9-OCT-2000 08:13:42.67 MEMBERS.TXT;437 4 9-OCT-2000 08:12:07.99

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E.Czerwinski, A.Voishvillo, S.Alexandrov, A.Terekhov Cerwin-Vega Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA "MULTITONE TESTING OF SOUND SYSTEM COMPONENTS - SOME RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS" Paper was presented at 109-th AES Convention Los Angeles, CA, USA, September 25, 2000. A quantitative analysis of the response of various nonlinear systems (theoretical and experimental) to a multitone signal is made. A comparison of multitone testing with conventional harmonic and intermodulation measurements is performed. The multitone provides more accurate information about the behavior of nonlinear systems when compared to standard harmonic, two-tone intermodulation, and total harmonic distortion measurements. Modeling of the nonlinear reaction of various sound system components to a multitone signal is described.

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DUA4:[STANDARDS.AESSC.SC_04.SC_04_03]AES19-EIA.TXT;1 16-JAN-1997 12:27:14.46 DUA4:[STANDARDS.AESSC.SC_04.SC_04_03]MEMBERS.LST;6 12-JAN-1997 14:41:30.67 DUA4:[STANDARDS.AESSC.SC_04.SC_04_03]TEXT-LIST.DAT;2 4-FEB-1997 13:10:06.27

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File: 146.lima.transdrft1 Date: 97:08:20 Issue: 1 J. M. Woodgate 3. Measurements: 3.1 Conditions Measurements, except where stated, are made with the transformer loaded with a (low inductance) resistive load of the rated value, and in the highest power transfer condition if there are 'power' tappings. NOTE - The reason for measuring the low limit of the EFR on-load is that it allows for the reduction of magnetic induction due to the voltage drop across the primary resistance. 3.2 Insertion loss A pply rated line voltage Vr at 1 kHz to the primary winding, with no load on the secondary winding. Measure the secondary voltage Va. Then connect the load resistor R to the secondary winding, readjust the input to rated line voltage if necessary and measure the secondary voltage Vb again. Express the insertion loss IL in decibels, 20 lg(Va/Vb). NOTES 1. With no load, the transformer losses are normally very low at 1 kHz: the on-load copper loss is much greater than the iron loss. 2. The power delivere d to the load resistor is Vb^2/R. From Note 1, the power input to the transformer is (very nearly) Va^2/R, and this latter value can be compared with the rated value. 3.3 Effective frequency range a) Low frequency end: Apply rated line voltage at 1 kHz and measure the input current (as voltage across a known low-value resistor in series if no suitable ammeter is available). Reduce the frequency until the current has risen by 11% (1 dB). Note the frequency as the low-frequency limit of the EFR. NOTE - Th is criterion for the low-frequency limit corresponds to typically 1% third-harmonic distortion due to core saturation. b) High-frequency end: Apply rated line voltage at 1 kHz and measure the secondary voltage. Increase the frequency until the secondary voltage falls by 3 dB. Note the frequency as the high-frequency limit of the EFR. 3.4 Input impedance at surveillance frequencies [QUESTION: What voltages are used for surveillance on 25 V line systems? Is 1.25 V enough?] 3.4.1 Input impedance at 30 Hz Apply one twentieth of rated line voltage at 30 Hz to the primary winding with the load resistance connected to the secondary. Measure the input current Ip and calculate the (modulus of the) input impedance Z30 = Vr/20Ip. 3.4.2 Input impedance at 20 kHz Apply one twentieth of rated line voltage at 20 kHz to the primary winding, with the secondary connected to the rated load resistance R in series with an inductor of value R/8 mH. Measure the input current Ip and calculate the (modulus of the) input imped ance Z20k = Vr/20Ip. NOTE - The inductance R/8 mH is an average value for the loudspeakers generally used. If the transformer is designed for use with a specified loudspeaker(s) , then the actual value of voice-coil inductance may be used, provided this is noted with the results.

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Initial Problem Discussion to "Large Signal Parameters of Low-Frequency Drivers" by Wolfgang Klippel, February 2000 The thermal power capacity P_E(max) and the linear displacement x_max (or the diaphragm peak displacement volume V_D=S_D*x_max) are very important large signal parameters which the system designer must know or specify to describe the maximal acoustic output. At moderately high frequencies, where the voice coil excursion is small, the power handling capability is limited by the ability of the driver to dissipate heat. At low frequencies much more diaphragm displacement is required and the maximal acoustic output is limited by the peak displacement in most cases. The measurement and specification of the displacement x_max is defined in point 4.3.2 (2) of AES2-1984 (r1997) as follows: "The Large Signal Parameters are ... (2) Voice-coil peak displacement at which the linearity of the motor deviates by 10%, x_max. Linearity may be measured by percent distortion of the input current or by percent deviation of displacement versus input current. Manufacturer shall state method used. The measurement shall be made in free air at f_s. ..." This recommendation goes in the right direction but there are still some weak points in it: What are the dominant nonlinearities of the driver ? The displacement limit x_max is closely related with the linearity of the driver. Clearly, the voice coil / gap geometry, the elastic limit of suspension and striking a mechanical stop limit the maximal displacement. The dominant nonlinearities can be modeled by variable parameters such as force factor b(x), inductance L(x) and compliance C_MS(x) which are not assumed as constant but depend on the instantaneous displacement x. These parameter variations are not negligible but might exceed factor 5 and more without causing a permanent destruction of the driver. The nonlinear parameters which are functions of x can be represented as a curve or may be approximated by a power series expansion. To specify x_max, which corresponds with the allowed working range of the driver, it might be sufficient to ensure that the maximal parameter variations do not exceed a critical value and the nonlinear effects are still acceptable for the particular application. What are the problems in assessing driver nonlinearity by distortion measurements ? The displacement varying parameters generate additional signal components in the reproduced sound as well as in the state signals of the driver (current, displacement, velocity...) which can be measured as harmonic and intermodulation distortion for a multi-tone input. The nonlinearities are the physical cause and the distortion are the measured effects for a special excitation signal. The relationship between distortion and nonlinearities is predictable but complicated. From loudspeaker modeling we know that each nonlinearity generates characteristic distortion components having particular spectral properties. For example, the distortion components generated by stiffness are restricted to the lower frequency band and are perceived as a changed bass sound. Nonlinearities of the force factor and inductance cause broad-band components which can be perceived as disturbances affecting the overall sound quality. By performing a harmonic distortion measurement it is hardly possible to see a difference between stiffness and force factor distortion. At the resonance frequency the harmonics caused by the force factor have sometimes a local minimum due to the cancellation of nonlinear damping and nonlinear excitation. The measurement of the intermodulation distortion generated between a low-frequency and high-frequency tone shows a clear difference between suspension and motor distortion which are more valid to predict the subjective sensation. Considering two loudspeakers with comparable harmonic distortion, the speaker which has a linear motor coupled with a bad suspension will usually sound better than the less expensive speaker with nonlinear motor but having a linear suspension. Thus, the assessment of the driver linearity by measuring harmonic distortion only is quit questionable. What is required to improve the current practice ? Considering the results of nonlinear loudspeaker modeling the maximal displacement x_max can be specified much more precisely to the benefit of driver and system designers. Assess dominant driver nonlinearities The nonlinear parameters force factor and suspension can be calculated by using numerical methods (FEM) and measured on the final product by performing static, quasi-static or dynamic measurements. This information are quit valuable to the driver designer to optimize the system in respect with quality, price, weight and size. Having this information the driver designer can easily fix asymmetric parameters variations (without increasing the cost) to reduce second- and higher-order distortion. The system designer takes also benefit from this information to design an active or passive loudspeaker system with optimal properties. For him the maximal variations of the nonlinear parameters are most important three single value parameters. Define allowed limits of parameter variations Using the nonlinear parameters as criteria for specifying x_max we need the thresholds of allowed parameter variations. David Clark suggested for force factor variations an allowed decay down to the limit b_lim=70.7% of the rest value and a compliance limit C_lim = 25%. This proposal is quit practical but this thresholds should be a subject of broad discussions of course. The results of subjective investigations about the audibility of the different kinds of loudspeaker distortions would be helpful in this process. Listening tests with synthesized loudspeaker distortions have been performed and are an interesting field for further research. Derive maximal displacement x_max from parameter variations The large parameter x_max can be derived from the nonlinear parameter characteristics b(x) and C(x) compared with the allowed limit values the b_lim and C_lim. The nonlinear parameter which equals the allowed limit first will determine x_max and the range of operation x_max < x < x_max. Thus we will find drivers which are limit by motor or by suspension nonlinearities. One or the other type might be optimal for a particular application such as car, hifi, multimedia, active system (with nonlinear compensation ?). How can we proceed in this matter ? The problems addressed in the previous two points are only examples of the issues related with the Large Signal Loudspeaker Parameters. There is much more to say and of course there are different points of view. I think it is time to start with a broad discussion to collect the input from many engineers having a theoretical or practical background. They suggestions presented above might be a starting point. Our target should be to improve the standard or practical recommendations eventually. Rationale: Current activity: .s Liaisons: .!</blockquote><hr>

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Richard Cabot posted an update in the group SC-04-03 3 weeks ago

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